Methods for making polyurea and polyurethane polymers and golf balls prepared therefrom

ABSTRACT

Methods for making golf balls having a cover made from polyurea and polyurethane compositions are provided. The methods for making the polyurea and polyurethane composition involve preparing an amine-terminated or hydroxyl-terminated first prepolymer by reacting a first isocyanate compound with a stoichiometric excess of polyamine or polyol (depending on the type of prepolymer desired). The first prepolymer is then reacted with a stoichiometric excess of a second isocyanate compound to form an isocyanate-terminated second prepolymer. The second prepolymer is then reacted with a chain extender.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/941,749, filed Jul. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,211,444,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/975,491,filed Dec. 22, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,487,063, the entire disclosuresof which are incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to methods for making polyurea,polyurea-urethane, and polyurethane polymer compositions that can beused to make a variety of products, particularly golf balls. The methodsinvolve preparing intermediate prepolymers that are reacted with chainextenders to form final polymer compositions. The invention alsoencompasses products, particularly golf balls, which can be made withsuch polymers.

2. Brief Review of the Related Art

Polyurethane and polyurea polymer compositions are used in a widevariety of products including fibers, sporting goods, toys, coatings,sealants and adhesives, films and linings, and flexible and rigid foams.Polyurethanes or polyureas, which may be either thermoplastic orthermosetting, are used to make the products depending upon end-useapplication. In recent years, there has been high interest in usingpolyurethanes and polyureas to make cover materials for golf balls.

Basically, polyurethane compositions contain urethane linkages formed byreacting an isocyanate group (—N═C═O) with a hydroxyl group (OH).Polyurethanes are produced by the reaction of a multi-functionalisocyanate with a polyol in the presence of a catalyst and otheradditives. The chain length of the polyurethane prepolymer is extendedby reacting it with a hydroxyl chain extender (curative). Polyureacompositions, which are distinct from the above-described polyurethanes,also can be formed. In general, polyurea compositions contain urealinkages formed by reacting an isocyanate group (—N═C═O) with an aminegroup (—NH or —NH₂). The chain length of the polyurea prepolymer isextended by reacting the prepolymer with an amine chain extender(curative). Hybrid compositions containing urethane and urea linkagesalso may be produced. For example, a polyurea/urethane hybridcomposition may be produced when a polyurea prepolymer is reacted with ahydroxyl-terminated curing agent.

In practice, two basic manufacturing techniques are used to form thepolyurethane and polyurea compositions: a) one-shot technique, and b)prepolymer technique. For example, the one-shot technique, wherein theisocyanate and polyamine compounds and curing agent are reacted in onestep, may be used to make polyureas. The isocyanate and polyaminecompounds and curing agents along with additives, such as pigments,fillers, and/or light stabilizers, are mixed to form the final polyureacomposition in a single reaction step. One example of a one-shotmanufacturing process used for making polyurea or polyurethane materialssuch as flexible or rigid foams or plastic parts is known as reactioninjection molding (RIM). In the RIM process, two highly reactive liquidstreams are impinged and mixed together at high pressure and thereaction mixture is rapidly injected into a mold cavity. The two streamsmay be referred to as a polyurea or polyurethane system. The firststream containing the isocyanate compounds may be referred to as the “A”component and the second stream containing the polyamines and/or polyolsand additives may be referred to as the “B” component.

The second technique, prepolymer manufacturing, involves multiplereaction steps. In a conventional prepolymer process, the isocyanate andpolyamine compounds are mixed together at an excess stoichiometric ratioof isocyanate groups to amine groups, and the mixture is heated toproduce an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer. In turn, the prepolymer isreacted with an amine or hydroxyl-terminated curing agent (chainextender). In this reaction, the chain extender reacts with the residualNCO groups in the prepolymer to form the polyurea or polyurethane. Suchconventional prepolymer manufacturing techniques are described in thepatent literature.

For example, Turner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,242 discloses a processfor preparing a polyurea or polyurea-urethane polymer that involvesreacting an amine functional compound having an equivalent weight of atleast about 400 with an excess of polyisocyanate to form anisocyanate-terminated prepolymer or quasi-prepolymer. In the next step,the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer or quasi-prepolymer is reacted withan isocyanate reactive material, preferably a low molecular weightpolyamine or polyol, to form a polyurea and/or polyurea-urethane polymerthat preferably has a non-cellular or microcellular structure.

Smith, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/107354, discloses aprocess for making a polyurea prepolymer, whereby a polyamine andcaprolactone monomer are reacted to provide an open chain, linearaliphatic reaction product with a functional, terminal amine group atone end and a functional hydroxy group at the other end. The reactionproduct is reacted with aliphatic polyisocyanate, whereby thepolyisocyanate reacts with each of the end groups to provide analiphatic polyurea prepolymer.

Thiede, U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0097068, discloses aprocess for making an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer involving thesteps of reacting a polycaprolactone polyol with a stoichiometric excessof an isocyanate mixture that contains at least 60 weight percentmethylene diphenylisocyanate (MDI). The MDI comprises the 2,4′- and4,4′-methylene diphenylisocyanate isomer in a molar ratio of from 25:75to 80:20.

Today, the golf industry is developing cover layers for golf balls usingcastable, thermoset polyurethanes and polyureas. For example,multi-piece golf balls comprising a core, inner cover layer, and outercover layer are used by many golf players today. The core is madecommonly of a rubber material such as natural and synthetic rubbers,styrene butadiene, polybutadiene, poly(cis-isoprene), orpoly(trans-isoprene). The inner cover layer may be made of a relativelyhard material having a high flexural modulus such as ethylene-basedionomer resins. These ionomer acid copolymers contain inter-chain ionicbonding and are generally made of ethylene and a vinyl comonomer havingan acid group such as methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, or maleic acid.Metal ions such as sodium, lithium, zinc, and/or magnesium are used toneutralize the acid groups in the copolymer. Ethylene-based ionomerresins are available in various grades and identified based on the typeof base resin, molecular weight, type of metal ion, amount of acid,degree of neutralization, additives, and other properties.

The relatively hard inner cover provides the ball with good resiliencyallowing the balls to reach a high speed when struck by a club. As aresult, such golf balls tend to travel a greater distance, which isparticularly important for driver shots off the tee and shots made withlong irons. Meanwhile, the relative softness of the cover provides theplayer with a better “feel” when he/she strikes the ball with the clubface. The player senses more control over the ball as the club facemakes impact with the ball. Such softer covered balls tend to havebetter playability. The softer cover allows players to place a spin onthe ball and better control its flight pattern. This is particularlyimportant for approach shots near the green. Polyurethane and polyureacovered golf balls are described in the patent literature, for example,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,673; 5,484,870; 6,476,176; 6,506,851; 6,867,279;6,958,379; 6,960,630; 6,964,621; 7,041,769; 7,105,623; 7,131,915; and7,186,777.

As discussed above, in the traditional prepolymer process, theisocyanate-terminated prepolymer is formed using a stoichiometric excessof isocyanate to polyols/polyamines so that all of the hydroxyl/aminegroups will react with the isocyanate groups. One potential disadvantagewith using conventional techniques to make an isocyanate-terminatedprepolymer is that a high concentration of free isocyanate may beproduced in the process. If a significant amount of residual isocyanateis generated, this may lead to potential environmental, health andsafety issues.

Another potential disadvantage with conventional prepolymermanufacturing processes is that it may be difficult to use certaincombinations of isocyanates, polyamines, and curing agents. Differentisocyanate compounds may have significantly different reaction rateswith polyamines and curing agents making it difficult to use isocyanateblends. Also, certain isocyanates may not be compatible with certainpolyamines and curing agents. Furthermore, it can be difficult to handleand work with certain isocyanate compounds such as toluene diisocyanate(TDI), because of their relatively high vapor pressures and potentialhealth and safety risks.

One objective of this invention is to develop a novel method for formingprepolymers so that manufacturers can use different combinations ofisocyanate compounds, polyamines/polyols, and chain extenders in theformulations. Secondly, when polyurea and polyurethane compositions areused as cover materials for golf balls, the properties of thecomposition depend in significant part upon the components or buildingblocks used to make the compositions, particularly the isocyanates,polyamines/polyols, and curing agents. Prepolymers that can provide thefinal polyurea and polyurethane polymer compositions with desirableproperties such as high tensile strength, flex modulus, impactdurability, and cut/tear-resistance along with other advantageousproperties would be of great benefit. One objective of this invention isto develop such prepolymers that can be used in turn to make polyureaand polyurethane polymer compositions having optimum properties. Thepresent invention provides novel prepolymers having many advantageousproperties, features, and benefits along with novel methods for makingsuch prepolymers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed generally to methods for makingpolyurea and polyurethane polymer compositions. In one aspect, themethod involves preparing an amine-terminated first prepolymer byreacting isocyanate compound “A” with a stoichiometric excess ofpolyamine. The first prepolymer is then reacted with a stoichiometricexcess of isocyanate compound “B” to form an isocyanate-terminatedsecond prepolymer. The second prepolymer is reacted with a chainextender or mixture of chain extenders selected from amine-terminatedcompounds. The isocyanate compounds “A” and “B” can be the same ordifferent materials. For example, isocyanate compound “A” can be4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H₁₂MDI) and isocyanate compound“B” can be 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) oligomers. In anotherversion, isocyanate compound “A” is 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) andisocyanate compound “B” is 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).

In another version, the method involves preparing a hydroxyl-terminatedfirst prepolymer by reacting isocyanate compound “A” with astoichiometric excess of polyol. The first prepolymer is then reactedwith a stoichiometric excess of isocyanate compound “B” to form anisocyanate-terminated second prepolymer. The second prepolymer isreacted with a chain extender or mixture of chain extenders selectedfrom hydroxyl-terminated compounds. The isocyanate compounds “A” and “B”can be the same or different materials.

The polymer compositions can be used in different products and areparticularly suitable for making golf balls. The polymer compositionscan help impart desirable properties such as high tensile strength, flexmodulus, impact durability, cut/tear-resistance to the golf balls. Inone embodiment, the polymer composition is used to make a cover for agolf ball.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the invention can be ascertained fromthe following detailed description that is provided in connection withthe drawings described below:

FIG. 1 is a front view of a dimpled golf ball made in accordance withthe present invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a two-piece golf ball having apolyurea or polyurethane cover made in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a three-piece golf ball having apolyurea or polyurethane cover made in accordance with the presentinvention;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball having amulti-layered core and a polyurea or polyurethane cover made inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a four-piece golf ball having amulti-layered polyurea or polyurethane cover made in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a five-piece golf ball having amulti-layered polyurea or polyurethane cover made in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing first and second reaction stepsfor making the prepolymer in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing first and second reaction stepsfor making the prepolymer in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides different methods for making polyurea andpolyurethane polymer compositions for use in a variety of products,particularly golf balls. By the term, “polymer” as used herein, it ismeant a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structuralunits typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. The term,“polymer” as used herein refers to, but is not limited to, oligomers,homopolymers, copolymers, and mixtures thereof. By the term,“prepolymer” as used herein, it is meant a polymer of relatively low tomedium molecular weight that is normally the intermediate materialbetween a monomer and final polymer, and which may be furtherpolymerized by reaction with cross-linking agents or chain extenders. Bythe term, “isocyanate compound” as used herein, it is meant anyaliphatic or aromatic isocyanate containing two or more isocyanatefunctional groups. The isocyanate compounds can be monomers or monomericunits, because they can be polymerized to produce polymeric isocyanatescontaining two or more monomeric isocyanate repeat units. The isocyanatecompound may have any suitable backbone chain structure includingsaturated or unsaturated, and linear, branched, or cyclic. By the term,“polyamine” as used herein, it is meant any aliphatic or aromaticcompound containing two or more primary or secondary amine functionalgroups. The polyamine compound may have any suitable backbone chainstructure including saturated or unsaturated, and linear, branched, orcyclic. The term “polyamine” may be used interchangeably withamine-terminated component. By the term, “polyol” as used herein, it ismeant any aliphatic or aromatic compound containing two or more hydroxylfunctional groups. The term “polyol” may be used interchangeably withhydroxy-terminated component.

Polyurea Composition

First Prepolymer

In one embodiment, the method of this invention involves preparing anamine-terminated first prepolymer by reacting isocyanate compound “A”with a stoichiometric excess of polyamine compound. The resultingamine-terminated prepolymer contains some unreacted functional (amine)groups. By the term, “equivalent weight,” it is meant the molecularweight of a compound divided by the number of reactive (functional)groups in that compound. For example, the molecular weight of puretoluene diisocyanate (TDI) is 174, and it has two isocyanate functionalgroups. Therefore, the equivalent weight of TDI is 174/2 or 87. By theterm, “equivalent” it is meant the number of moles of a functional groupin a given quantity of material, and it is calculated by dividing thematerial weight by the equivalent weight. In a traditionalisocyanate-terminated prepolymer formulation, the number of equivalentsof isocyanate groups is greater than the number of equivalents of aminegroups. That is, there is a stoichiometric excess of isocyanate groups.The number of equivalents of isocyanate groups and amine groups is notbalanced.

In one embodiment of the method of this invention, the first stepinvolves preparing an amine-terminated prepolymer by reacting isocyanatecompound “A” with a stoichiometric excess of polyamine. That is, thenumber of equivalents of amine groups is greater than the number ofequivalents of isocyanate groups. In a preferred embodiment, for every1.00 equivalents of amine groups, there are 0.05 to 0.40 equivalents ofisocyanate groups. Thus, the equivalent ratio of NH or NH₂ groups of thepolyamine to NCO groups of the polyisocyanate is in the range of 20:1 to2.5:1. That is, there are 2.5 to 20× more amine equivalents toisocyanate equivalents. It should be recognized that in order to reducethe amount of free amine groups in the mixture sufficiently, it may benecessary to use conventional removal techniques such as distillation,solvent-aided stripping, and the like. Particularly, such removaltechniques may be needed to reach a ratio of amine groups to isocyanategroups of 2.5:1.

In one preferred embodiment, the isocyanate compound is added to areaction vessel containing a stoichiometric excess of polyamine underagitation. The reaction temperature typically is in the range of 20° C.to 175° C., more preferably 35° C. to 85° C. The reaction of theisocyanate compound with the stoichiometric excess of polyamine proceedsquickly. Because of this rapid reaction, a relatively high molecularweight amine-terminated prepolymer may be formed. The isocyanatecompound is end-capped with the diamine. In addition to the amineend-capped prepolymer, there is excess diamine. The reaction isconducted until substantially all of the isocyanate groups of theisocyanate compound have reacted with the amine groups of the aminecompound. The speed of the reaction may be slowed down by adding theisocyanate compound gradually. This will help minimize the production ofhigher molecular weight materials. The reaction can be performed in amoisture-free atmosphere. Alternatively, water can be added to thereaction. Adding water will increase the urea content of the prepolymeras the water will react with the free isocyanate groups to producecarbamic acid. In turn, the relatively unstable carbamic acid decomposesto form carbon dioxide and an amine. The amine then reacts with theisocyanate groups to produce additional urea linkages. Surfactants maybe added to the reaction mixture to control formation of bubbles.Suitable isocyanate compounds and polyamines that can be used to makethe first prepolymer are described in further detail below. Theresulting amine-terminated prepolymer can be used to prepare a secondprepolymer as discussed below.

Second Prepolymer

Next, the amine-terminated prepolymer can be reacted with astoichiometric excess of isocyanate compound B to form a secondprepolymer. The resulting isocyanate-terminated prepolymer will containsome unreacted functional (isocyanate) groups. Preferably, theprepolymer has less than 14% unreacted functional groups, morepreferably no greater than 8.5% unreacted functional groups, mostpreferably 0.5 to 8% unreacted functional groups.

In one preferred embodiment, the amine-terminated prepolymer along withany excess polyamine produced from the first reaction is added to areaction vessel containing a stoichiometric excess of isocyanatecompound. The reaction temperature normally will be in the range of 20°C. to 175° C., more preferably 35° C. to 85° C. As in the case of thefirst reaction described above, the reaction between theamine-terminated prepolymer and isocyanate compound proceeds quickly.The reaction is conducted until substantially all of the amine groups ofthe amine-terminated prepolymer have reacted with the isocyanate groupsof the isocyanate compound. In the reaction, the first prepolymer isend-capped with the isocyanate groups. The reaction produces anisocyanate-terminated prepolymer. In addition, excess isocyanate ispresent in the reaction vessel. The first and second prepolymersprepared by the method of this invention tend to have relatively low tomedium molecular weight, normally in the range of 500 to 15,000 daltonsand preferably in the range of 2,000 to 12,000 daltons.

The resulting isocyanate-terminated prepolymer (second prepolymer) maybe reacted with a chain extender. In general, the prepolymer can bereacted with amine-terminated curing agents. Suitable chain extendersare described in more detail below. The chain extenders extend the chainlength of the prepolymer and build-up its molecular weight. Theresulting polyurea polymer has good elastomeric properties, because ofits “hard” and “soft” segments, which are covalently bonded together.The soft, amorphous, low-melting point segments, which are formed fromthe polyamines, are relatively flexible and mobile, while the hard,high-melting point segments, which are formed from the isocyanate andchain extenders, are relatively stiff and immobile. The phase separationof the hard and soft segments provides the polyurea polymer with itselastomeric resiliency.

In the method of the present invention, as described above, theisocyanate compound A is slowly added to the stoichiometric excess ofpolyamine, thus creating a modified soft segment with higher molecularweight. This first prepolymer (or modified soft segment) is slowly addedto isocyanate compound “B,” which is present in stoichiometric excess,to form the second prepolymer. Finally, the second prepolymer is reactedwith chain extenders to provide cross-linked and hard segments in thefinal polymer composition. It is believed that by forming modified softsegments and hard segments in this manner produces a final polyureacomposition having uniform distribution of soft and hard segments. Thedistribution and phase separation of soft and hard segments obtained byfollowing the method of this invention helps impart desirable physicalproperties to the polymer composition. This two-step prepolymer processprovides better control of the chemical reaction. A more homogeneousmixture resulting in a more consistent final polymer composition isachieved.

Particularly, as discussed further below, the resulting polyureacomposition may be used to make golf balls having enhanced resiliencyand impact durability along with a soft feel and good playability. Thedurability and toughness of the ball protects it from being cut, torn,and otherwise damaged. Such balls also will show goodscuff/abrasion-resistance so they do not appear highly worn afterrepeated use. Furthermore, the high resiliency of the ball allows it toreach a higher velocity when struck by a golf club. As a result, theball tends to travel a greater distance which is particularly importantfor driver shots off the tee. Meanwhile, the soft feel of the ballprovides the player with a more pleasant sensation when he/she strikesthe ball with the club.

Isocyanate Compounds

Any suitable isocyanate compound known in the art can be used to producethe polyurea polymer composition in accordance with this invention. Suchisocyanates include, for example, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromaticaliphatic, aromatic, any derivatives thereof, and combinations of thesecompounds having two or more isocyanate (—N═C═O) groups per molecule.The isocyanates may be organic polyisocyanate-terminated prepolymers,isocyanate prepolymers having a low residual amount of unreactedisocyanate monomer (“low free” isocyanates), and mixtures thereof. Theisocyanate-containing reactable component also may include anyisocyanate-functional monomer, dimer, trimer, or polymeric adductthereof, prepolymer, quasi-prepolymer, or mixtures thereof.Isocyanate-functional compounds may include isocyanate monomers orpolymers that include any isocyanate functionality of two or more.

Preferred isocyanates include diisocyanates (having two NCO groups permolecule), biurets thereof, dimerized uretdiones thereof, trimerizedisocyanurates thereof, and polyfunctional isocyanates such as monomerictriisocyanates. Diisocyanates typically have the generic structure ofOCN—R—NCO. Exemplary diisocyanates include, but are not limited to,unsaturated isocyanates such as: p-phenylene diisocyanate (“PPDI,” i.e.,1,4-phenylene diisocyanate), m-phenylene diisocyanate (“MPDI,” i.e.,1,3-phenylene diisocyanate), o-phenylene diisocyanate (i.e.,1,2-phenylene diisocyanate), 4-chloro-1,3-phenylene diisocyanate,toluene diisocyanate (“TDI”), m-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate(“m-TMXDI”), p-tetramethylxylene diisocyanate (“p-TMXDI”), 1,2-, 1,3-,and 1,4-xylene diisocyanates, 2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-biphenylenediisocyanates, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenylene diisocyanate (“TODI”),2,2′-, 2,4′-, and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates (“MDI”),3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, carbodiimide-modifiedMDI, polyphenylene polymethylene polyisocyanate (“PMDI,” i.e., polymericMDI), 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (“NDI”), 1,5-tetrahydronaphththalenediisocyanate, anthracene diisocyanate, tetracene diisocyanate; andsaturated isocyanates such as: 1,4-tetramethylene diisocyanate,1,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2-methyl-1,5-pentamethylenediisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (“HDI”) and isomersthereof, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanates,1,7-heptamethylene diisocyanate and isomers thereof, 1,8-octamethylenediisocyanate and isomers thereof, 1,9-nonamethylene diisocyanate andisomers thereof, 1,10-decamethylene diisocyanate and isomers thereof,1,12-dodecane diisocyanate and isomer thereof, 1,3-cyclobutanediisocyanate, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanates, 2,4- and2,6-methylcyclohexane diisocyanates, isophorone diisocyanate (“IPDI”),isocyanatomethylcyclohexane isocyanate, isocyanatoethylcyclohexaneisocyanate, 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (“H₁₂MDI,” i.e.,bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)-methane), and 2,4′- and 4,4′-dicyclohexanediisocyanates. Dimerized uretdiones of diisocyanates and polyisocyanatesinclude, for example, unsaturated isocyanates such as uretdiones oftoluene diisocyanates, uretdiones of diphenylmethane diisocyanates; andsaturated isocyanates such as uretdiones of hexamethylene diisocyanates.Trimerized isocyanurates of diisocyanates and polyisocyanates include,for example, unsaturated isocyanates such as trimers of diphenylmethanediisocyanate, trimers of tetramethylxylene diisocyanate, isocyanuratesof toluene diisocyanates; and saturated isocyanates such asisocyanurates of isophorone diisocyanate, isocyanurates of hexamethylenediisocyanate, isocyanurates of trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanates.Monomeric triisocyanates include, for example, unsaturated isocyanatessuch as 2,4,4′-diphenylene triisocyanate, 2,4,4′-diphenylmethanetriisocyanate, 4,4′,4″-triphenylmethane triisocyanate; and saturatedisocyanates such as: 1,3,5-cyclohexane triisocyanate.

Preferably, each of the isocyanate compounds (A and B) is selected fromthe group consisting of: isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI);1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); 1,4, cyclohexyl diisocyanate(CHDI); 4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H₁₂MDI);4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI); 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI);2,6-toluene diisocyanate; trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI);3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenyl diisocyanate (TODD; p-phenylene diisocyanate(PPDI); dodecane diisocyanate (C₁₂DI); m-tetramethylene xylenediisocyanate (TMXDI); 1,4-benzene diisocyanate;trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diisocyanate; 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI);4,6-xylyene diisocyanate (XDI); and mixtures thereof. The isocyanatecompounds A and B may be the same or different compounds. The isocyanatecompounds normally have a weight-average molecular weight in the rangeof about 100 to about 10,000 daltons.

For example, the isocyanate compound,4,4′-diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H₁₂MDI) reactsrelatively slowly with many amine compounds. Because H₁₂MDI reactsslowly with many polyamines, it is preferred that other isocyanatecompounds be used in some instances. On the other hand, it is oftendesirable that H₁₂MDI be used, because it is a good building blockcomponent. The H₁₂MDI compound may be used to make polymer compositionshaving optimum physical properties such as mechanical strength andflexibility. In the present invention, H₁₂MDI can be used with anotherisocyanate compound using the two-step prepolymer mechanism to make apolyurea polymer composition. Particularly, an amine-terminated firstprepolymer may be prepared by reacting H₁₂MDI (isocyanate compound A)with a stoichiometric excess of polyamine. This reaction causes theH₁₂MDI to be end-capped with the diamine. The H₁₂MDI becomes “tied-up”with the polyamine. This amine-terminated first prepolymer, along withthe excess polyamine, then may be reacted with 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI) (isocyanate compound B), a multi-functionalisocyanate that reacts relatively quickly with many amine compounds.That, is the HDI compound has good reactivity. This second reactioncauses the first prepolymer to be end-capped with the HDI, thus forminga second prepolymer having free isocyanate terminal groups. Finally,this isocyanate-terminated second polymer may be reacted with a chainextender to form the polyurea polymer composition. This final polymercomposition is characterized by having good physical properties such asmechanical strength and flexibility that are imparted to the polymer bythe H₁₂MDI compound along with high reactivity that is imparted to thepolymer by the HDI compound.

In a second example, it is desirable to use 2,4-toluene diisocyanate(TDI) in some instances, because it can form polyurea compositionshaving good thermal stability and mechanical strength. One disadvantage,however, with using TDI is that this compound has a relatively highvapor pressure and it can evaporate into work surroundings causingpotential health and safety issues. In the present invention, TDI can beused with another isocyanate compound using the two-step prepolymermechanism of this invention. Particularly, a first prepolymer may beprepared by reacting TDI (isocyanate compound A) with a stoichiometricexcess of polyamine. This reaction causes the TDI to be end-capped withthe diamine. The TDI becomes “tied-up” with the polyamine. Then, theamine-terminated first prepolymer, along with the excess polyamine, maybe reacted with a second isocyanate compound (isocyanate compound B)having a lower vapor pressure than TDI. The resultingisocyanate-terminated second polymer may be reacted with a chainextender to form the polyurea polymer.

In the foregoing examples, isocyanate compounds A and B are described asbeing different chemical compounds. It should be recognized, however,that isocyanate compounds A and B can be the same or similar chemicalcompounds. For example, HDI dimer can be used as isocyanate compound Aand HDI trimer can be used as isocyanate compound B to form anisocyanate-terminated prepolymer that can be reacted with a chainextender (curative) to form a final polymer composition.

Polyamine Compounds

Any suitable polyamine compound known in the art can be used to producethe polyurea polymer composition in accordance with this invention. Suchpolyamines include amine-terminated compounds, for example,amine-terminated hydrocarbons, polyethers, polyesters, polycarbonates,polycaprolactones, and mixtures thereof. The molecular weight of theamine compound is generally in the range of about 100 to about 10,000daltons. Suitable polyether amines include, but are not limited to,methyldiethanolamine; polyoxyalkylenediamines such as,polytetramethylene ether diamines, polyoxypropylenetriamine,polyoxyethylene diamines, and polyoxypropylene diamines; poly(ethyleneoxide capped oxypropylene) ether diamines; propylene oxide-basedtriamines; triethyleneglycoldiamines; glycerin-based triamines; andmixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the polyether amine used to formthe prepolymer is Jeffamine D2000 (Huntsman Corp.). Additionalamine-terminated compounds also may be useful in forming the polyureaprepolymers of the present invention including, but not limited to,poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene);poly(1,4-butanediol)bis(4-aminobenzoate) in liquid or waxy solid form;linear and branched polyethylene imine; low and high molecular weightpolyethylene imine having an average molecular weight of about 500 toabout 30,000; poly(propylene glycol)bis(2-aminopropyl ether) having anaverage molecular weight of about 200 to about 5000; polytetrahydrofuranbis(3-aminopropyl) terminated having an average molecular weight ofabout 200 to about 2000; and mixtures thereof. Preferably, theamine-terminated compound is a copolymer of polytetramethylene oxide andpolypropylene oxide (Huntsman Corp.)

Chain-Extending Agents

The chain length of the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer may be extendedby reacting it with a chain extender selected from the group consistingof amine-terminated chain extenders, hydroxyl-terminated chainextenders, and mixtures thereof. As discussed above, in general, urealinkages are formed by reacting an isocyanate group (—N═C═O) with anamine group (NH or NH₂). A polyurea polymer composition is produced whenthe polyurea prepolymer is chain extended using an amine-terminatedcompound. Suitable amine-terminated compounds that can be used tochain-extend the polyurea prepolymer are described in further detailbelow. The isocyanate groups in the prepolymer will react with the aminegroups in the chain extender and create urea linkages. The resultingpolyurea composition contains urea linkages having the following generalstructure:

where x is the chain length, i.e., about 1 or greater, and R and R₁ arestraight chain or branched organic chains. In one embodiment, a purepolyurea composition having urea linkages, as described above, isprepared. That is, the composition contains only urea linkages.

The polyurea compositions of this invention may contain additives,ingredients, and other materials that do not detract from the propertiesof the final composition. These additional materials include, but arenot limited to, catalysts, wetting agents, coloring agents, opticalbrighteners, cross-linking agents, whitening agents such as titaniumdioxide and zinc oxide, ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers, hindered aminelight stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, surfactants, andother conventional additives. For example, wetting additives may beadded to more effectively disperse the pigments. Other suitableadditives include antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents,plasticizers, including internal and external plasticizers, impactmodifiers, foaming agents, density-adjusting fillers, reinforcingmaterials, compatibilizers, and the like. Density-adjusting fillers canbe added to modify the modulus, tensile strength, and other propertiesof the compositions. Examples of useful fillers include zinc oxide, zincsulfate, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, calcium oxide, calciumcarbonate, clay, tungsten, tungsten carbide, silica, and mixturesthereof. Regrind (recycled core material) high-Mooney-viscosity rubberregrind, and polymeric, ceramic, metal, and glass microspheres also maybe used. Generally, the additives will be present in the composition inan amount between about 1 and about 75 weight percent based on totalweight of the composition depending upon the desired properties.

Since the amine groups react so rapidly with the isocyanate groups, itis not necessary to use a catalyst in the reaction system. However, ifdesirable, a catalyst may be employed to promote the reaction betweenthe isocyanate and polyamine compounds for producing the prepolymers orbetween the prepolymer and chain extenders during the chain-extendingstep. Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, bismuthcatalyst; zinc octoate; tin catalysts such as bis-butyltin dilaurate,bis-butyltin diacetate, stannous octoate; tin (II) chloride, tin (IV)chloride, bis-butyltin dimethoxide,dimethyl-bis[1-oxonedecyl)oxy]stannane, di-n-octyltin bis-isooctylmercaptoacetate; amine catalysts such as triethylenediamine,triethylamine, and tributylamine; organic acids such as oleic acid andacetic acid; delayed catalysts; and mixtures thereof. The catalyst ispreferably added in an amount sufficient to catalyze the reaction of thecomponents in the reactive mixture. In one embodiment, the catalyst ispresent in an amount from about 0.001 percent to about 1 percent, andpreferably 0.05 to 0.5 percent, by weight of the composition.

Suitable amine chain-extending (curing) agents that can be used inchain-extending the polyurea prepolymer of this invention include, butare not limited to, unsaturated diamines such as4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane (i.e., 4,4′-methylene-dianiline or “MDA”),m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, 1,2- or1,4-bis(sec-butylamino)benzene, 3,5-diethyl-(2,4- or 2,6-)toluenediamineor “DETDA”, 3,5-dimethylthio-(2,4- or 2,6-)toluenediamine,3,5-diethylthio-(2,4- or 2,6-)toluenediamine,3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane,3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane (i.e.,4,4′-methylene-bis(2-ethyl-6-methyl-benezeneamine)),3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane (i.e.,4,4′-methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) or “MOCA”),3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane (i.e.,4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-diethylaniline),2,2′-dichloro-3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane (i.e.,4,4′-methylene-bis(3-chloro-2,6-diethyleneaniline) or “MCDEA”),3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane, or “MDEA”),3,3′-dichloro-2,2′,6,6′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane,3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane,4,4′-methylene-bis(2,3-dichloroaniline) (i.e.,2,2′,3,3′-tetrachloro-4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane or “MDCA”),4,4′-bis(sec-butylamino)-diphenylmethane,N,N′-dialkylamino-diphenylmethane,trimethyleneglycol-di(p-aminobenzoate),polyethyleneglycol-di(p-aminobenzoate),polytetramethyleneglycol-di(p-aminobenzoate); saturated diamines such asethylene diamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, 2-methyl-pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylene diamine, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, imino-bis(propylamine), imido-bis(propylamine),methylimino-bis(propylamine) (i.e.,N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine),1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane (i.e.,3,3′-[1,4-butanediylbis-(oxy)bis]-1-propanamine),diethyleneglycol-bis(propylamine) (i.e.,diethyleneglycol-di(aminopropyl)ether),4,7,10-trioxatridecane-1,13-diamine, 1-methyl-2,6-diamino-cyclohexane,1,4-diamino-cyclohexane, poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene)diamines, 1,3- or1,4-bis(methylamino)-cyclohexane, isophorone diamine, 1,2- or1,4-bis(sec-butylamino)-cyclohexane, N,N′-diisopropyl-isophoronediamine, 4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,N,N′-dialkylamino-dicyclohexylmethane, polyoxyethylene diamines,3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,polyoxypropylene diamines,3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,polytetramethylene ether diamines,3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane (i.e.,4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-diethylaminocyclohexane)),3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,2,2′-dichloro-3,3′,5,5′-tetraethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,(ethylene oxide)-capped polyoxypropylene ether diamines,2,2′,3,3′-tetrachloro-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane,4,4′-bis(sec-butylamino)-dicyclohexylmethane; triamines such asdiethylene triamine, dipropylene triamine, (propylene oxide)-basedtriamines (i.e., polyoxypropylene triamines),N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propylenediamine (i.e., N₃-amine), glycerin-basedtriamines, (all saturated); tetramines such asN,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylene diamine (i.e., N₄-amine) (bothsaturated), triethylene tetramine; and other polyamines such astetraethylene pentamine (also saturated). One suitable amine-terminatedchain-extending agent is Ethacure 300™ (dimethylthiotoluenediamine or amixture of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dimethylthiotoluene and2,4-diamino-3,5-dimethylthiotoluene.) The amine curing agents used aschain extenders normally have a cyclic structure and a low molecularweight (for example, 1000 daltons or less).

Polyurethane Composition

First Prepolymer

In another embodiment, the method of this invention involves preparing ahydroxyl-terminated first prepolymer by reacting isocyanate compound “A”with a stoichiometric excess of polyol compound. The resultinghydroxyl-terminated prepolymer contains some unreacted functionalgroups. By the term, “equivalent weight,” it is meant the molecularweight of a compound divided by the number of reactive (functional)groups in that compound. For example, the molecular weight of puretoluene diisocyanate (TDI) is 174, and it has two isocyanate functionalgroups. Therefore, the equivalent weight of TDI is 174/2 or 87. By theterm, “equivalent” it is meant the number of moles of a functional groupin a given quantity of material, and it is calculated by dividing thematerial weight by the equivalent weight. In a traditionalisocyanate-terminated prepolymer formulation, the number of equivalentsof isocyanate groups is greater than the number of equivalents ofhydroxyl groups. That is, there is a stoichiometric excess of isocyanategroups. The number of equivalents of isocyanate groups and hydroxylgroups is not balanced.

The first step involves preparing a hydroxyl-terminated prepolymer byreacting isocyanate compound “A” with a stoichiometric excess of polyol.That is, the number of equivalents of hydroxyl groups is greater thanthe number of equivalents of isocyanate groups. In one embodiment, forevery 1.00 equivalents of hydroxyl groups, there are about 0.05 to 0.40equivalents of isocyanate groups. Thus, the equivalent ratio of OHgroups of the polyol to NCO groups of the polyisocyanate is in the rangeof about 20:1 to 2.5:1. That is, there are about 2.5 to 20 times morehydroxyl equivalents to isocyanate equivalents. It should be recognizedthat in order to reduce the amount of free hydroxyl groups in themixture sufficiently, it may be necessary to use conventional removaltechniques such as distillation, solvent-aided stripping, and the like.Particularly, such removal techniques may be needed to reach a ratio ofhydroxyl groups to isocyanate groups of about 2.5:1.

In one preferred embodiment, the isocyanate compound is added to areaction vessel containing a stoichiometric excess of polyol underagitation. The reaction temperature typically is in the range of about20° C. to about 175° C., more preferably about 35° C. to about 85° C.The isocyanate compound is end-capped with the hydroxyl groups. Thereaction is conducted until substantially all of the isocyanate groupsof the isocyanate compound have reacted with the hydroxyl groups of thepolyol compound. The speed of the reaction may be slowed down by addingthe isocyanate compound gradually. This will help minimize theproduction of higher molecular weight materials. The reaction can beperformed in a moisture-free atmosphere. Alternatively, water can beadded to the reaction. Surfactants may be added to the reaction mixtureto control formation of bubbles. Suitable isocyanate compounds andpolyols that can be used to make the first prepolymer are described infurther detail below. The resulting hydroxyl-terminated prepolymer canbe used to prepare a second prepolymer as discussed below.

Second Prepolymer

Next, the hydroxyl-terminated prepolymer can be reacted with astoichiometric excess of isocyanate compound “B” to form a secondprepolymer. The resulting isocyanate-terminated prepolymer will containsome unreacted functional (isocyanate) groups. Preferably, theprepolymer has less than 14% unreacted functional groups, morepreferably no greater than 8.5% unreacted functional groups, mostpreferably 0.5 to 8% unreacted functional groups.

In one preferred embodiment, the hydroxyl-terminated prepolymer alongwith any excess polyol produced from the first reaction is added to areaction vessel containing a stoichiometric excess of isocyanatecompound. The reaction temperature normally will be in the range ofabout 20° C. to about 175° C., more preferably about 35° C. to about 85°C. The reaction is conducted until substantially all of the hydroxylgroups of the hydroxyl-terminated prepolymer have reacted with theisocyanate groups of the isocyanate compound. In the reaction, the firstprepolymer is end-capped with the isocyanate groups. The reactionproduces an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer. In addition, excessisocyanate is present in the reaction vessel. The first and secondprepolymers prepared by one embodiment of the method of this inventiontend to have relatively low to medium molecular weight, normally in therange of 500 to 15,000 daltons and preferably in the range of 2,000 to12,000 daltons.

The resulting isocyanate-terminated prepolymer (second prepolymer) maybe reacted with a chain extender. In general, the prepolymer can bereacted with hydroxyl-terminated curing agents. Suitable chain extendersare described in more detail below. The chain extenders extend the chainlength of the prepolymer and build-up its molecular weight. Theresulting polyurethane polymer has good elastomeric properties, becauseof its “hard” and “soft” segments, which are covalently bonded together.The soft, amorphous, low-melting point segments, which are formed fromthe polyols, are relatively flexible and mobile, while the hard,high-melting point segments, which are formed from the isocyanate andchain extenders, are relatively stiff and immobile. The phase separationof the hard and soft segments provides the polyurethane polymer with itselastomeric resiliency.

As described above, in one embodiment, the isocyanate compound A isslowly added to the stoichiometric excess of polyol, thus creating amodified soft segment with higher molecular weight. This firstprepolymer (or modified soft segment) is slowly added to isocyanatecompound B, which is present in stoichiometric excess, to form thesecond prepolymer. Finally, the second prepolymer is reacted with chainextenders to provide cross-linked and hard segments in the final polymercomposition. It is believed that by forming modified soft segments andhard segments in this manner produces a final polyurethane compositionhaving uniform distribution of soft and hard segments. The distributionand phase separation of soft and hard segments obtained by following themethod of this invention helps impart desirable physical properties tothe polymer composition. This two-step prepolymer process providesbetter control of the chemical reaction. A more homogeneous mixtureresulting in a more consistent final polymer composition is achieved.

Particularly, as discussed further below, the resulting polyurethanecomposition may be used to make golf balls having enhanced resiliencyand impact durability along with a soft feel and good playability. Thedurability and toughness of the ball protects it from being cut, torn,and otherwise damaged. Such balls also will show goodscuff/abrasion-resistance so they do not appear highly worn afterrepeated use. Furthermore, the high resiliency of the ball allows it toreach a higher velocity when struck by a golf club. As a result, theball tends to travel a greater distance which is particularly importantfor driver shots off the tee. Meanwhile, the soft feel of the ballprovides the player with a more pleasant sensation when he/she strikesthe ball with the club.

Isocyanate Compounds

Any suitable isocyanate compound known in the art can be used to producethe polyurethane polymer composition in accordance with this invention.Indeed, any of the isocyanate compounds discussed above with regard tothe polyurea polymer composition are suitable for use in producing thepolyurethane polymer composition in accordance with the invention.

Polyol Compounds

Any suitable polyol compound known in the art can be used to produce thepolyurethane polymer composition in accordance with this invention. Suchpolyols include, for example, polyether polyols, polycaprolactonepolyols, polyester polyols, polycarbonate polyols, hydrocarbon polyols,and mixtures thereof. Diols, triols, tetraols, and combinations thereofare contemplated for use with the invention.

Suitable saturated polyether polyols include, but are not limited to,polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG); copolymer of polytetramethyleneether glycol and 2-methyl-1,4-butane diol (PTG-L);poly(oxyethylene)glycol; poly(oxypropylene)glycol; poly(ethylene oxidecapped oxypropylene)glycol; and mixtures thereof.

Saturated polycaprolactone polyols include, but are not limited to,diethylene glycol initiated polycaprolactone; propylene glycol initiatedpolycaprolactone; 1,4-butanediol initiated polycaprolactone; trimethylolpropane initiated polycaprolactone; neopentyl glycol initiatedpolycaprolactone; 1,6-hexanediol initiated polycaprolactone;polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) initiated polycaprolactone;ethylene glycol initiated polycaprolactone; dipropylene glycol initiatedpolycaprolactone; and mixtures thereof.

Suitable saturated polyester polyols include, but are not limited to,polyethylene adipate glycol; polyethylene propylene adipate glycol;polybutylene adipate glycol; polyethylene butylene adipate glycol;polyhexamethylene adipate glycol; polyhexamethylene butylene adipateglycol; and mixtures thereof.

Hydrocarbon polyols include, but are not limited to, hydroxy-terminatedliquid isoprene rubber (LIR), hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene polyol,saturated hydroxy-terminated hydrocarbon polyols, and mixtures thereof.Other aliphatic polyols that may be used to form the prepolymer of theinvention include, but not limited to, glycerols; castor oil and itsderivatives; Kraton polyols; acrylic polyols; acid functionalizedpolyols based on a carboxylic, sulfonic, or phosphoric acid group; dimeralcohols converted from the saturated dimerized fatty acid; and mixturesthereof.

Chain-Extending Agents

The chain length of the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer may be extendedby reacting it with a chain extender selected from the group consistingof hydroxyl-terminated chain extenders, amine-terminated chainextenders, and mixtures thereof. As discussed above, in general,urethane linkages are formed by reacting an isocyanate group (—N═C═O)with a hydroxyl group (OH). A polyurethane polymer composition isproduced when the polyurethane prepolymer is chain extended using ahydroxyl-terminated compound. Suitable hydroxyl-terminated compoundsthat can be used to chain-extend the polyurethane prepolymer aredescribed in further detail below. The isocyanate groups in theprepolymer will react with the hydroxyl groups in the chain extender andcreate urethane linkages. The resulting polyurethane compositioncontains urethane linkages having the following general structure:

where x is the chain length, i.e., about 1 or greater, and R and R₁ arestraight chain or branched organic chains. In one embodiment, a purepolyurethane composition having urethane linkages, as described above,is prepared. That is, the composition contains only urethane linkages.

The polyurethane compositions of this invention may contain additives,ingredients, and other materials that do not detract from the propertiesof the final composition. These additional materials include, but arenot limited to, catalysts, wetting agents, coloring agents, opticalbrighteners, cross-linking agents, whitening agents such as titaniumdioxide and zinc oxide, ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers, hindered aminelight stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, surfactants, andother conventional additives. For example, wetting additives may beadded to more effectively disperse the pigments. Other suitableadditives include antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents,plasticizers, including internal and external plasticizers, impactmodifiers, foaming agents, density-adjusting fillers, reinforcingmaterials, compatibilizers, and the like. Density-adjusting fillers canbe added to modify the modulus, tensile strength, and other propertiesof the compositions. Examples of useful fillers include zinc oxide, zincsulfate, barium carbonate, barium sulfate, calcium oxide, calciumcarbonate, clay, tungsten, tungsten carbide, silica, and mixturesthereof. Regrind (recycled core material) high-Mooney-viscosity rubberregrind, and polymeric, ceramic, metal, and glass microspheres also maybe used. Generally, the additives will be present in the composition inan amount between about 1 and about 75 weight percent based on totalweight of the composition depending upon the desired properties.

A catalyst may be employed to promote the reaction between theisocyanate and polyol compounds for producing the prepolymers or betweenthe prepolymer and chain extenders during the chain-extending step.Suitable catalysts include, but are not limited to, bismuth catalyst;zinc octoate; tin catalysts such as bis-butyltin dilaurate, bis-butyltindiacetate, stannous octoate; tin (II) chloride, tin (IV) chloride,bis-butyltin dimethoxide, dimethyl-bis[l-oxonedecyl)oxy]stannane,di-n-octyltin bis-isooctyl mercaptoacetate; amine catalysts such astriethylenediamine, triethylamine, and tributylamine;N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine; a polyamine such asN,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, andN,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine; a cyclic diamine such as1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU), organic acids such as oleicacid and acetic acid; delayed catalysts; and mixtures thereof. Thecatalyst is preferably added in an amount sufficient to catalyze thereaction of the components in the reactive mixture. In one embodiment,the catalyst is present in an amount from about 0.001 percent to about 5percent, and preferably 0.05 to 1 percent, by weight of the composition.

Suitable hydroxyl chain-extending (curing) agents that can be used inchain-extending the polyurethane prepolymer of this invention include,but are not limited to, ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; polyethyleneglycol; propylene glycol; 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol;2-methyl-1,4-butanediol; dipropylene glycol; polypropylene glycol;1,2-butanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 1,4-butanediol; 2,3-butanediol;2,3-dimethyl-2,3-butanediol; trimethylolpropane; cyclohexyldimethylol;triisopropanolamine; N,N,N′N′-tetra-(2-hydroxypropyl)-ethylene diamine;diethylene glycol bis-(aminopropyl)ether, 1,5-pentanediol;1,6-hexanediol; 1,3-bis-(2-hydroxyethoxy)cyclohexane;1,4-cyclohexyldimethylol; 1,3-bis-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]cyclohexane;1,3-bis-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}cyclohexane;polytetramethylene ether glycol; resorcinol-di-(beta-hydroxyethyl)etherand its derivatives; hydroquinone-di-(beta-hydroxyethyl)ether and itsderivatives; 1,3-bis-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene;1,3-bis-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]benzene;1,3-bis-{2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}benzene;N,N-bis(β-hydroxypropyl)aniline; 2-propanol-1,1′-phenylaminobis; andmixtures thereof.

Golf Ball Construction

The polyurea and polyurethane compositions of this invention may be usedin golf balls. Multi-piece solid golf balls constituting differentcomponents or “layers” are used today by professional and recreationalgolfers. For example, three-piece solid golf balls having an inner core;a surrounding casing layer; and an outer cover are popular today.Various golf ball constructions are known in the art. Such golf ballconstructions include, for example, two-piece, three-piece, four-piece,and five-piece balls. The polyurea and polyurethane compositions of thisinvention may be used with any type of ball construction. The presentinvention relates generally to golf balls containing at least one“layer” made from the polyurea and polyurethane compositions. The term,“layer” as used herein means generally any spherical portion of a golfball. The polyurea and polyurethane compositions may be used to form anylayer in the golf ball structure including, but not limited to, outercover, inner cover, intermediate casing layer, and/or outer core layer.The cover, intermediate layer, and core can be single or multi-layered.The thickness and diameter of the different layers along with propertiessuch as hardness and compression may vary depending upon the desiredplaying performance properties of the golf ball.

Referring to FIG. 1, one version of a golf ball that can be made inaccordance with this invention is generally indicated at (10). Variouspatterns and geometric shapes of dimples (11) can be used to modify theaerodynamic properties of the golf ball (10). The dimples (11) can bearranged on the surface of the ball (10) using any suitable method knownin the art. Referring to FIG. 2, a two-piece golf ball (20) that can bemade in accordance with this invention is illustrated. In this version,the ball (20) includes a solid core (22) and polyurea or polyurethanecover (24). In FIG. 3, a three-piece golf ball (30) having a solid core(32), an intermediate layer (34), and polyurea or polyurethane cover(36) is shown.

Core

The core of the golf ball may be solid, semi-solid, fluid-filled, orhollow, and the core may have a single-piece or multi-piece structure.The cores in the golf balls of this invention are typically made fromrubber compositions containing a base rubber, free-radical initiatoragent, cross-linking co-agent, and fillers. The base rubber may beselected, for example, from polybutadiene rubber, polyisoprene rubber,natural rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene dienerubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and combinations of two or morethereof. A preferred base rubber is polybutadiene. Another preferredbase rubber is polybutadiene optionally mixed with one or moreelastomers such as polyisoprene rubber, natural rubber, ethylenepropylene rubber, ethylene propylene diene rubber, styrene-butadienerubber, polystyrene elastomers, polyethylene elastomers, polyurethaneelastomers, polyurea elastomers, acrylate rubbers, polyoctenamers,metallocene-catalyzed elastomers, and plastomers. The base rubbertypically is mixed with at least one reactive cross-linking co-agent toenhance the hardness of the rubber composition. Suitable co-agentsinclude, but are not limited to, unsaturated carboxylic acids and saltsand unsaturated vinyl compounds. Preferred unsaturated vinyl compoundsinclude trimethylolpropane methacrylate (TMP) and zinc diacrylate (ZDA).

The rubber composition is cured using a conventional curing process.Suitable curing processes include, for example, peroxide curing, sulfurcuring, high-energy radiation, and combinations thereof. In oneembodiment, the base rubber is peroxide cured. Organic peroxidessuitable as free-radical initiators include, for example, dicumylperoxide; n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate;1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane;2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane; di-t-butyl peroxide;di-t-amyl peroxide; t-butyl peroxide; t-butyl cumyl peroxide;2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3;di(2-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; dilauroyl peroxide; dibenzoylperoxide; t-butyl hydroperoxide; and combinations thereof. Cross-linkingagents are used to cross-link at least a portion of the polymer chainsin the composition. Suitable cross-linking agents include, for example,metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids having from 3 to 8 carbonatoms; unsaturated vinyl compounds and polyfunctional monomers (e.g.,trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate); phenylene bismaleimide; andcombinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the cross-linkingagent is selected from zinc salts of acrylates, diacrylates,methacrylates, and dimethacrylates. In another particular embodiment,the cross-linking agent is zinc diacrylate (“ZDA”). Commerciallyavailable zinc diacrylates include those selected from ResourceInnovation and Cray Valley.

The rubber compositions also may contain “soft and fast” agents such asa halogenated organosulfur, organic disulfide, or inorganic disulfidecompounds. Particularly suitable halogenated organosulfur compoundsinclude, but are not limited to, halogenated thiophenols. Preferredorganic sulfur compounds include, but not limited to,pentachlorothiophenol (“PCTP”) and a salt of PCTP. A preferred salt ofPCTP is ZnPCTP. A suitable PCTP is sold by the Struktol Company (Stow,Ohio) under the tradename, “A95.” The salt compound, ZnPCTP iscommercially available from EchinaChem (San Francisco, Calif.). Thesecompounds also may function as cis-to-trans catalysts to convert somecis-1, 4 bonds in the polybutadiene to trans-1, 4 bonds. Antioxidantsalso may be added to the rubber compositions to prevent the breakdown ofthe elastomers. Other ingredients such as accelerators (for example,tetra methylthiuram), processing aids, dyes and pigments, wettingagents, surfactants, plasticizers, as well as other additives known inthe art may be added to the rubber composition. The core may be formedby mixing and forming the rubber composition using conventionaltechniques. These cores can be used to make finished golf balls bysurrounding the core with outer core layer(s), intermediate layer(s),and/or cover materials as discussed further below. In anotherembodiment, the cores can be formed using highly neutralized polymer(HNP) compositions as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,756,436, 7,030,192,7,402,629, and 7,517,289. Furthermore, the cores from the highlyneutralized polymer compositions can be further cross-linked using anysuitable free-radical initiation sources including radiation sourcessuch as gamma or electron beam as well as chemical sources such asperoxides and the like.

The core may contain sections having the same hardness or differenthardness levels. That is, there can be uniform hardness throughout thedifferent sections of the core or there can be hardness gradients acrossthe layers. For example, in single cores, there may be a hard-to-softgradient (a “positive” gradient) from the surface of the core to thegeometric center of the core. In other instances, there may be asoft-to-hard gradient (a “negative” gradient) or zero hardness gradientfrom the core's surface to the core's center. For dual core golf balls,the inner core layer may have a surface hardness that is less than thegeometric center hardness to define a first “negative” gradient. Asdiscussed above, an outer core layer may be formed around the inner corelayer, and the outer core layer may have an outer surface hardness lessthan its inner surface hardness to define a second “negative” gradient.In other versions, the hardness gradients from surface to center may behard-to-soft (“positive”), or soft-to-hard (“negative”), or acombination of both gradients. In still other versions the hardnessgradients from surface to center may be “zero” (that is, the hardnessvalues are substantially the same.) Methods for making cores havingpositive, negative, and zero hardness gradients are known in the art asdescribed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,537,530; 7,537,529;7,427,242; and 7,410,429, the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by

Golf balls made in accordance with this invention can be of any size,although the USGA requires that golf balls used in competition have adiameter of at least 1.68 inches and a weight of no greater than 1.62ounces. For play outside of USGA competition, the golf balls can havesmaller diameters and be heavier. For example, the diameter of the golfball may be in the range of about 1.68 to about 1.80 inches. In oneembodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the core is a single-piece having anoutside diameter of about 1.00 to about 1.65 inches. Preferably, thesingle-piece core has a diameter of about 1.26 to about 1.60 inches. Thecore generally makes up a substantial portion of the ball, for example,the core may constitute at least about 90% of the ball. The hardness ofthe core may vary depending upon desired properties of the ball. Ingeneral, core hardness is in the range of about 10 to about 75 Shore Dand more preferably in the range of about 30 to about 65 Shore D. Thecompression of the core is generally in the range of about 30 to about110 and more preferably in the range of about 50 to about 100. Ingeneral, when the ball contains a relatively soft core, the resulting adriver spin rate of the ball is relatively low. On the other hand, whenthe ball contains a relatively hard core, the resulting spin rate of theball is relatively high. In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, thegolf ball (40) contains a core made of two pieces. The inner core (42)is made of a first rubber composition as described above, while theouter core layer (44) is made of a second rubber composition. The firstand second rubber compositions contain different ingredients. The golfball further includes an intermediate casing layer (46) and a polyurea,polyurethane, or polyurea/urethane cover layer (48). Conventionalthermoplastic or thermoset resins such as olefin-based ionomericcopolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyolefins,polyurethanes, and polyureas as described above can be used to make thecasing layer (46).

In such multi-layered cores, the inner core (42) preferably has adiameter of about 0.50 to about 1.30 inches, more preferably 1.00 to1.15 inches, and is relatively soft (that is, it may have a compressionof less than about 30.) Meanwhile, the encapsulating outer core layer(44) generally has a thickness of about 0.030 to about 0.070 inches,preferably 0.035 to 0.065 inches and is relatively hard (compression ofabout 70 or greater.) The outer core layer (44) preferably has a Shore Dsurface hardness in the range of about 40 to about 70. That is, thetwo-piece core, which is made up of the inner core (42) and outer corelayer (44), preferably has a total diameter of about 1.50 to about 1.64inches, more preferably 1.510 to 1.620 inches, and a compression ofabout 80 to about 115, more preferably 85 to 110.

Intermediate Layer

The golf balls of this invention preferably include at least oneintermediate layer. As used herein, the term, “intermediate layer” meansa layer of the ball disposed between the core and cover. Theintermediate layer may be considered an outer core layer or inner coverlayer or any other layer disposed between the inner core and outer coverof the ball. The intermediate layer also may be referred to as a casingor mantle layer. The intermediate layer preferably has water vaporbarrier properties to prevent moisture from penetrating into the rubbercore. The ball may include one or more intermediate layers disposedbetween the inner core and outer cover. Referring to FIGS. 3-5, the golfballs are shown containing at least one intermediate casing layerpositioned between the core and cover layers. The intermediate layer maybe made of any suitable material known in the art includingthermoplastic and thermosetting materials.

Suitable thermoplastic compositions for forming the intermediate corelayer include, but are not limited to, partially- and fully-neutralizedionomers, particularly olefin-based ionomer copolymers such as ethyleneand a vinyl comonomer having an acid group such as methacrylic, acrylicacid, or maleic acid; graft copolymers of ionomer and polyamide, and thefollowing non-ionomeric polymers: polyesters; polyamides;polyamide-ethers, and polyamide-esters; polyurethanes, polyureas, andpolyurethane-polyurea hybrids; fluoropolymers; non-ionomeric acidpolymers, such as E/Y- and E/X/Y-type copolymers, wherein E is an olefin(e.g., ethylene), Y is a carboxylic acid, and X is a softening comonomersuch as vinyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids, and alkylalkylacrylates; metallocene-catalyzed polymers; polystyrenes;polypropylenes and polyethylenes; polyvinyl chlorides and graftedpolyvinyl chlorides; polyvinyl acetates; polycarbonates includingpolycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends,polycarbonate/polyurethane blends, and polycarbonate/polyester blends;polyvinyl alcohols; polyethers; polyimides, polyetherketones,polyamideimides; and mixtures of any two or more of the abovethermoplastic polymers. The olefin-based ionomer resins are copolymersof olefin (for example, ethylene) and α,β-ethylenically unsaturatedcarboxylic acid (for example, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid) thatnormally have 10% to 100% of the carboxylic acid groups neutralized bymetal cations.

Examples of commercially available thermoplastics suitable for formingthe intermediate core layer include, but are not limited to, Pebax®thermoplastic polyether block amides, commercially available from ArkemaInc.; Surlyn® ionomer resins, Hytrel® thermoplastic polyesterelastomers, and ionomeric materials sold under the trade names DuPontHPF 1000® and HPF 2000®, all of which are commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Iotek® ionomers, commerciallyavailable from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Amplify® IO ionomers ofethylene acrylic acid copolymers, commercially available from The DowChemical Company; Clarix® ionomer resins, commercially available from A.Schulman Inc.; Elastollan® polyurethane-based thermoplastic elastomers,commercially available from BASF; and Xylex® polycarbonate/polyesterblends, commercially available from SABIC Innovative Plastics. Theabove-mentioned filler materials may be added to the intermediate layercomposition to modify such properties as the specific gravity, density,hardness, weight, modulus, resiliency, compression, and the like.

Olefin-based ionomers, such as ethylene-based copolymers, normallyinclude an unsaturated carboxylic acid such as methacrylic acid, acrylicacid, or maleic acid. Other possible carboxylic acid groups include, forexample, crotonic, maleic, fumaric, and itaconic acid. “Low acid” and“high acid” olefin-based ionomers, as well as blends of such ionomers,may be used. In general, low acid ionomers are considered to be thosecontaining 16 wt. % or less of carboxylic acid, whereas high acidionomers are considered to be those containing greater than 16 wt. % ofcarboxylic acid. The acidic group in the olefin-based ionic copolymer ispartially or totally neutralized with metal ions such as zinc, sodium,lithium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, manganese, nickel, chromium,copper, or a combination thereof. For example, ionomeric resins havingcarboxylic acid groups that are neutralized from about 10 percent toabout 100 percent may be used. In one embodiment, the acid groups arepartially neutralized. That is, the neutralization level is from 10 to80%, more preferably 20 to 70%, and most preferably 30 to 50%. Inanother embodiment, the acid groups are highly or fully neutralized.That is, the neutralization level is from 80 to 100%, more preferably 90to 100%, and most preferably 95 to 100%. In one embodiment, the blendmay contain about 10 to about 90% by weight of the polyurea and about 90to about 10% by weight of a partially, highly, or fully-neutralizedolefin-based ionomeric copolymer. Particularly, the blend may contain alower concentration of polyurea in the amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or50% and an upper concentration of polyurea in the amount of 60%, 70%,80%, or 90%. Conversely, the concentration of non-ionomeric polymer maybe relatively high (60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%) or relatively low (10%, 20%,30%, 40%, or 50%). In another embodiment, the blend may contain about 10to about 90% by weight of the polyurethane and about 90 to about 10% byweight of a partially, highly, or fully-neutralized olefin-basedionomeric copolymer. Particularly, the blend may contain a lowerconcentration of polyurethane in the amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or50% and an upper concentration of polyurethane in the amount of 60%,70%, 80%, or 90%. Conversely, the concentration of non-ionomeric polymermay be relatively high (60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%) or relatively low (10%,20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%). The above-mentioned blends may contain one ormore suitable compatibilizers such as glycidyl acrylate or glycidylmethacrylate or maleic anhydride containing-polymers.

The olefin-based ionomeric resins may be blended with non-ionomericthermoplastic resins. Examples of suitable non-ionomeric thermoplasticresins include, but are not limited to, polyurethane, poly-ether-ester,poly-amide-ether, polyether-urea, thermoplastic polyether block amides(e.g., Pebax® block copolymers, commercially available from ArkemaInc.), styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers,styrene(ethylene-butylene)-styrene block copolymers, polyamides,polyesters, polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyethylene-(meth)acrylate,polyethylene-(meth)acrylic acid, functionalized polymers with maleicanhydride grafting, Fusabond® functionalized polymers commerciallyavailable from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, functionalizedpolymers with epoxidation, elastomers (e.g., ethylene propylene dienemonomer rubber, metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin) and ground powders ofthermoset elastomers.

That is, the polyureas and polyurethanes of this invention may beblended with non-ionomeric and olefin-based ionomeric copolymers to formthe composition that will be used to make the golf ball layer. Asmentioned above, examples of non-ionomeric polymers include vinylresins, polyolefins including those produced using a single-sitecatalyst or a metallocene catalyst, polyurethanes, polyureas,polyamides, polyphenylenes, polycarbonates, polyesters, polyacrylates,engineering thermoplastics, and the like. In one embodiment, the blendmay contain about 10 to about 90% by weight of the polyurea and about 90to about 10% by weight of non-ionomeric and olefin-based ionomericpolymers. Particularly, the blend may contain a lower concentration ofpolyurea, for example, in the amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% andan upper concentration of polyurea, for example, in the amount of 60%,70%, 80%, or 90%. Conversely, the concentration of non-ionomeric and/orionomeric polymers may be relatively high (for example, 60%, 70%, 80%,or 90%) or relatively low (for example, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%.) Inanother embodiment, the blend may contain about 10 to about 90% byweight of the polyurethane and about 90 to about 10% by weight ofnon-ionomeric and olefin-based ionomeric polymers. Particularly, theblend may contain a lower concentration of polyurethane, for example, inthe amount of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% and an upper concentration ofpolyurethane, for example, in the amount of 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%.Conversely, the concentration of non-ionomeric and/or ionomeric polymersmay be relatively high (for example, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%) orrelatively low (for example, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%).

Cover Layer

Turning to FIG. 5, a four-piece golf ball (50) having a multi-layeredcover is shown. The ball (50) includes a solid, one-piece rubber core(52), an intermediate layer (54), and multi-layered cover (55)constituting an inner cover layer (55 a) and outer cover layer (55 b).In this version, the inner cover layer (55 a) is made of a conventionalthermoplastic or thermosetting resin. For example, the inner cover (55a) may be made of polyurethane, polyurea, ionomer resin or any of theother cover materials described above. The inner cover (55 a) preferablyhas a thickness of about 0.020 to about 0.050 inches and Shore Dmaterial hardness of about 50 to about 70. The outer cover layer (55 a),which surrounds the inner cover layer (55 b), is made of the polyurea,polyurea/urethane, or polyurethane composition of this invention. Theouter cover layer (55 b) preferably has a thickness in the range ofabout 0.020 to about 0.035 inches and a Shore D material hardness in therange of about 45 to about 65. In another embodiment, a five-piece ballmay be made. For example, in FIG. 6, a five-piece golf ball (60) havinga cover with three-layers is shown. The ball includes a solid, rubbercenter (61), an outer core layer (64), and multi-layered coverconstituting an inner cover layer (66), intermediate cover layer (68)and outer cover layer (70). In this version, the inner and intermediatecover layers (66, 68) are made of conventional thermoplastic orthermosetting resins and the outer cover layer (70) is made of thepolyurea or polyurethane composition of this invention.

It should be understood that the golf ball constructions shown in FIGS.1-6 are for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to berestrictive. A wide variety of golf ball constructions may be made inaccordance with the present invention depending upon the desiredproperties of the ball so long as at least one layer contains thepolyurea, polyurea/urethane, or polyurethane composition of thisinvention. As discussed above, such constructions include, but are notlimited to, three-piece, four-piece, and five-piece designs and thecores, intermediate layers, and/or covers may be single ormulti-layered.

FIGS. 7-8 illustrate the first and second reaction steps for making theprepolymers in accordance with the present invention. In particular,FIG. 7 shows the first and second reaction steps for making a polyureaprepolymer and FIG. 8 shows the first and second reaction steps formaking a polyurethane prepolymer in accordance with the presentinvention.

Preferably, the overall diameter of the core and all intermediate layersis about 80 percent to about 98 percent of the overall diameter of thefinished ball. The core may have a diameter ranging from about 0.50inches to about 1.65 inches. In one embodiment, the diameter of the coreis about 1.20 inches to about 1.63 inches. For example, if a two-pieceball having a core and polyurea or polyurethane cover of this inventionis made, the core may have a diameter ranging from about 1.50 inches toabout 1.62 inches. The core may further include a moisture-resistantsurface to prevent moisture from penetrating there in. When the coreincludes an inner core layer (center) and an outer core layer, the innercore layer is preferably about 0.50 inches or greater and the outer corelayer preferably has a thickness of about 0.10 inches or greater. Forexample, when a multi-layer core is made, the center may have a diameterranging from about 0.50 inches to about 1.30 inches and the outer corelayer may have a diameter ranging from about 0.12 inches to about 0.50inches. The cover of this invention has a thickness to providesufficient strength, good performance characteristics, and durability.In one embodiment, the cover thickness is from about 0.015 inches toabout 0.090 inches, preferably about 0.070 inches or less. For example,when a two-piece ball according to invention is made, the cover may havea thickness ranging from about 0.030 inches to about 0.090 inches. Inanother instance, when a three-piece ball is made, the thickness of thecover may be about 0.020 to 0.060 inches. Likewise, the range ofthicknesses for the intermediate layer may vary, because theintermediate layer may be used in many different constructions and morethan one intermediate layer may be included in the ball. For example,the intermediate layer may be used as an outer core layer, an innercover layer, and/or a moisture/vapor barrier layer. In general, theintermediate layer may have a thickness of about 0.120 inches or less.In general, the thickness of the intermediate layer is about 0.015 toabout 0.120 inches and preferably about 0.020 to about 0.060 inches. Inone embodiment, the thickness of the intermediate layer is from about0.015 inches to about 0.100 inches.

The hardness of the golf ball (or subassembly such as the core) may varydepending upon the ball construction and desired performance properties.The test methods for measuring surface and material hardness aredescribed in further detail below. In general, surface or materialhardness refers to the firmness of the surface or material. The relativehardness levels of the core layer, intermediate layer(s), and coverlayer are primary factors in determining distance performance and spinrate of the ball. As a general rule, when the ball has a relatively softcover, the initial spin rate of the ball is relatively high and when theball has a relatively hard cover, the initial spin rate of the ball isrelatively low. Furthermore, in general, when the ball contains arelatively soft core, the resulting spin rate of the ball is relativelylow. The compressive force acting on the ball is less when the cover iscompressed by the club face against a relatively soft core. The clubface is not able to fully interface with the ball and thus the initialspin rate on the ball is lower. On the other hand, when the ballcontains a relatively hard core, the resulting spin rate of the ball isrelatively high. The club face is able to more fully interface with theball and thus the initial spin rate of the ball. The surface hardness ofa golf ball layer (or other spherical surface) is obtained from theaverage of a number of measurements taken from opposing hemispheres,taking care to avoid making measurements on the parting line of the coreor on surface defects such as holes or protrusions. In general, the CORof the ball will increase as the hardness of the ball is increased. Thetest methods for measuring surface and material hardness are describedin further detail below.

The intermediate layer(s) may also vary in hardness. In one embodiment,the hardness of the intermediate layer is in the range of about 30 toabout 90 Shore D, preferably about 80 Shore D or less, and morepreferably about 70 Shore D or less. For example, when an intermediatelayer is formed from the composition of the invention, the hardness ofthe intermediate layer may be about 65 Shore D or less, preferablyranging from about 35 to about 60 Shore D. In yet another embodiment,the hardness of the intermediate layer is about 50 Shore D or greater,preferably about 55 Shore D or greater. In one embodiment, theintermediate layer hardness is from about 55 to about 65 Shore D.

There are several other physical properties of the golf ball that affectthe ball's playing performance. For example, the compression of the corecan affect the ball's spin rate off the driver as well as the “feel” ofthe ball as the club face makes impact with the ball. In general, ballswith relatively low compression values have a softer feel. As disclosedin Jeff Dalton's Compression by Any Other Name, Science and Golf IV,Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf (Eric Thain ed.,Routledge, 2002) (“J. Dalton”) several different methods can be used tomeasure compression including Atti compression, Riehle compression,load/deflection measurements at a variety of fixed loads and offsets,and effective modulus. The test methods for measuring compression inaccordance with the present invention are described in further detailbelow.

The “coefficient of restitution” or “COR” of a golf ball is also anotherimportant property and this refers to the ratio of a ball's reboundvelocity to its initial incoming velocity when the ball is fired out ofan air cannon into a rigid vertical plate. The COR for a golf ball iswritten as a decimal value between zero and one. A golf ball may havedifferent COR values at different initial velocities. The United StatesGolf Association (USGA) sets limits on the initial velocity of the ballso one objective of golf ball manufacturers is to maximize the COR underthese conditions. Balls with a higher rebound velocity have a higher CORvalue. Such golf balls rebound faster, retain more total energy whenstruck with a club, and have longer flight distance. In general, the CORof the ball will increase as the hardness of the ball is increased. Thetest methods for measuring COR are described in further detail below.The golf balls of the present invention preferably have a “coefficientof restitution” (“COR”) of at least 0.750 and more preferably at least0.800 and compression of from about 70 to about 110, preferably from 90to 100.

The golf balls of the invention may be formed using a variety ofapplication techniques such as compression molding, flip molding,injection molding, retractable pin injection molding, reaction injectionmolding (RIM), liquid injection molding (LIM), casting, vacuum forming,powder coating, flow coating, spin coating, dipping, spraying, and thelike. Conventionally, compression molding and injection molding areapplied to thermoplastic materials, whereas RIM, liquid injectionmolding, and casting are employed on thermoset materials. These andother manufacturing methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,207,784and 5,484,870, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference. The cores of the golf balls of the invention may be formed byany suitable method known to those of ordinary skill in art. When thecores are formed from a thermoset material, compression molding is aparticularly suitable method of forming the core. On the other hand, thecores may be injection molded when the cores are formed using athermoset material.

More particularly, the polyurea and polyurethane compositions of thisinvention used to form the thermoset cover of other layer of the golfball of this invention is a castable, reactive liquid that can beapplied over the golf ball subassembly (for example, core and overlyingcasing layer) using any suitable application technique spraying such as,for example, dipping, spin coating, or flow coating methods which areknown in the art. The liquid nature of the polyurea and polyurethanecompositions of this invention makes it possible to be applied as a thinouter cover layer to the golf ball. For example, in one version of thecasting method, the polyurea or polyurethane mixture is dispensed intothe cavity of an upper mold member. This first mold-half has ahemispherical structure. Then, the cavity of a corresponding lower moldmember is filled with the polyurea mixture. This second mold-half alsohas a hemispherical structure. The cavities are typically heatedbeforehand. A ball cup holds the golf ball subassembly (core andoverlying casing layer) under vacuum. After the polyurea or polyurethanemixture in the first mold-half has reached a semi-gelled or gelledstate, the pressure is removed and the golf ball is lowered into theupper mold-half containing the mixture. Then, the first mold-half isinverted and mated with the second mold-half containing the polyurea orpolyurethane mixture which also has reached a semi-gelled or gelledstate. The polyurea or polyurethane mixtures, contained in the moldmembers that are mated together, form the golf ball cover. The matedfirst and second mold-halves containing the polyurea or polyurethanemixture and golf ball center may be next heated so that the mixturecures and hardens. Then, the golf ball is removed from the mold andheated and cooled accordingly.

The intermediate layer and/or cover layer may also be formed using anysuitable method known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Forexample, an intermediate layer may be formed by blow molding orretractable pin molding and covered with a dimpled cover layer formed byinjection molding, compression molding, casting, vacuum forming, powdercoating, and the like. The use of various dimple patterns and profilesprovides a relatively effective way to modify the aerodynamiccharacteristics of a golf ball. As such, the manner in which the dimplesare arranged on the surface of the ball can be by any available method.For instance, the ball may have an icosahedron-based pattern, such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,168, or an octahedral-based dimplepattern as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,281. Furthermore, theresultant golf balls prepared according to the invention typically willhave dimple coverage greater than about 60 percent, preferably greaterthan about 65 percent, and more preferably greater than about 70percent.

The polyurea and polyurethane compositions of this invention provide thegolf ball with advantageous properties and features. Because thepolyurea and polyurethane compositions of the invention may be used inany layer of a golf ball, the golf ball construction, physicalproperties, and resulting performance may vary depending on the layer(s)of the ball that include the compositions of this invention. Forexample, as discussed above, the polyurea and polyurethane compositionsmay be used to make the outer cover. The combination of the core andpolyurea or polyurethane cover layer provides the golf ball withenhanced resiliency and durability while the desirable feel andplayability of the ball is maintained. The polyurea and polyurethanecompositions can be used to manufacture golf balls having an optimumcombination of high resiliency, impact durability, and soft feel. Theball has high resiliency so that it shows good flight distance when hitoff a tee. At the same time, the ball maintains a soft “feel” so thatits flight path can be controlled on approach shots near the green.

Test Methods

Hardness

Shore D Hardness measurements are made pursuant to ASTM D-2240“Indentation Hardness of Rubber and Plastic by Means of a Durometer.”Because of the curved surface of the golf ball layer, care must be takento ensure that the golf ball or golf ball subassembly is centered underthe durometer indentor before a surface hardness reading is obtained. Acalibrated digital durometer, capable of reading to 0.1 hardness units,is used for all hardness measurements and is set to take hardnessreadings at 1 second after the maximum reading is obtained. The digitaldurometer must be attached to and its foot made parallel to the base ofan automatic stand. The weight on the durometer and attack rate conformsto ASTM D-2240. It should be understood that there is a fundamentaldifference between “material hardness” and “hardness as measureddirectly on a golf ball.” For purposes of the present invention,material hardness is measured according to ASTM D2240 and generallyinvolves measuring the hardness of a flat “slab” or “button” formed ofthe material. Surface hardness as measured directly on a golf ball (orother spherical surface) typically results in a different hardnessvalue. The difference in “surface hardness” and “material hardness”values is due to several factors including, but not limited to, ballconstruction (that is, core type, number of cores and/or cover layers,and the like); ball (or sphere) diameter; and the material compositionof adjacent layers. It also should be understood that the twomeasurement techniques are not linearly related and, therefore, onehardness value cannot easily be correlated to the other. JIS-C hardnesswas measured according to the test methods JIS K 6301-1975. Shore Chardness was measured according to the test methods D2240-05.

Compression

For purposes of the present invention, “compression” refers to Atticompression and is measured according to a known procedure, using anAtti compression device, wherein a piston is used to compress a ballagainst a spring. The travel of the piston is fixed and the deflectionof the spring is measured. The measurement of the deflection of thespring does not begin with its contact with the ball; rather, there isan offset of approximately the first 1.25 mm (0.05 inches) of thespring's deflection. Cores having a very low stiffness will not causethe spring to deflect by more than 1.25 mm and therefore have a zerocompression measurement. The Atti compression tester is designed tomeasure objects having a diameter of 1.680 inches; thus, smallerobjects, such as golf ball cores, must be shimmed to a total height of1.680 inches to obtain an accurate reading. Conversion from Atticompression to Riehle (cores), Riehle (balls), 100 kg deflection, 130-10kg deflection or effective modulus can be carried out according to theformulas given in J. Dalton.

Coefficient of Restitution (“COR”)

In the present invention, COR is determined according to a knownprocedure, wherein a golf ball or golf ball subassembly (for example, agolf ball core) is fired from an air cannon at two given velocities anda velocity of 125 ft/s is used for the calculations. Ballistic lightscreens are located between the air cannon and steel plate at a fixeddistance to measure ball velocity. As the ball travels toward the steelplate, it activates each light screen and the ball's time period at eachlight screen is measured. This provides an incoming transit time periodwhich is inversely proportional to the ball's incoming velocity. Theball makes impact with the steel plate and rebounds so it passes againthrough the light screens. As the rebounding ball activates each lightscreen, the ball's time period at each screen is measured. This providesan outgoing transit time period which is inversely proportional to theball's outgoing velocity. The COR is then calculated as the ratio of theball's outgoing transit time period to the ball's incoming transit timeperiod (COR=V_(out)/V_(in)=T_(in)/T_(out)).

It is understood that the golf balls described and illustrated hereinrepresent only presently preferred embodiments of the invention. It isappreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes andadditions can be made to such golf balls without departing from thespirit and scope of this invention. It is intended that all suchembodiments be covered by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a golf ball comprising:providing a golf ball core; forming a first hydroxyl-terminatedprepolymer by reacting a first isocyanate compound with a stoichiometricexcess of polyol compound; forming an isocyanate-terminated secondprepolymer by reacting the first hydroxyl-terminated prepolymer with astoichiometric excess of a second isocyanate compound, wherein the firstisocyanate compound and the second isocyanate compound are differentchemical compounds, and wherein the first isocyanate compound and thesecond isocyanate compound are each selected from the group consistingof 1,4, cyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHDI); 4,4′-diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI); 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI); 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI); 2,6-toluene diisocyanate; trimethyl hexamethylenediisocyanate (TMDI); 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-biphenyl diisocyanate (TODD);p-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI); dodecane diisocyanate (C₁₂DI);m-tetramethylene xylene diisocyanate (TMXDI); 1,4-benzene diisocyanate;trans-cyclohexane-1,4-diisocyanate; 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI);and 4,6-xylyene diisocyanate (XDI); reacting the second prepolymer witha hydroxyl-terminated chain extender to form a polyurethane composition;and forming a cover disposed about the core comprising the polyurethanecomposition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the core comprisespolybutadiene rubber, polyisoprene rubber, natural rubber,ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene diene rubber,styrene-butadiene rubber, or blends thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1,further comprising the step of providing an intermediate layer disposedabout the core to form an inner ball.
 4. The method of claim 3, whereinthe intermediate layer comprises an olefin-based ionomer.
 5. The methodof claim 4, wherein the olefin-based ionomer is an ethylene acidcopolymer, and wherein the acid comprises methacrylic acid, acrylicacid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, or itaconic acid.
 6. Themethod of claim 5, wherein 10 to 80 percent of the acid groups in theolefin-based ionomer are neutralized.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein80 to 100 percent of the acid groups in the olefin-based ionomer areneutralized.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyurethanecomposition comprises a uniform distribution of hard and soft segments.9. A method of forming a golf ball comprising: providing a corecomprising a rubber material; providing an intermediate layer comprisingan olefin-based ionomer; forming a polyurethane composition by: forminga first prepolymer by reacting a first isocyanate compound with astoichiometric excess of a hydroxyl-terminated compound; forming asecond prepolymer by reacting the first prepolymer with a stoichiometricexcess of a second isocyanate compound, wherein the first isocyanatecompound and the second isocyanate compound are different chemicalcompounds, and wherein the first isocyanate compound and the secondisocyanate compound are each selected from the group consisting of1,4,cyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHDI); 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate(MDI); 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI); 2,6-toluene diisocyanate;1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); and trimethyl hexamethylenediisocyanate (TMDI); and reacting the second prepolymer with a chainextender; and forming a cover disposed about the intermediate layercomprising the polyurethane composition.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein the first prepolymer comprises hydroxyl groups at the terminalends.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein the rubber material comprisespolybutadiene rubber.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the rubbermaterial comprises a blend of polybutadiene rubber and an elastomerselected from the group consisting of polyisoprene rubber, naturalrubber, ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene propylene diene rubber,styrene-butadiene rubber, polystyrene elastomers, polyethyleneelastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyurea elastomers, acrylaterubbers, polyoctenamers, metallocene-catalyzed elastomers, andplastomers.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein the polyurethanecomposition comprises a uniform distribution of hard and soft segments.14. A method of forming a golf ball comprising: providing a core;disposing an intermediate layer about the core to form an inner ball;forming a polyurethane composition by: forming a first prepolymer byreacting a first isocyanate compound with a stoichiometric excess of ahydroxyl-terminated compound; forming a second prepolymer by reactingthe first prepolymer with a stoichiometric excess of a second isocyanatecompound, wherein the first isocyanate compound is 2,4-toulenediisocyanate (TDI) and the second isocyanate compound is4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI); and reacting the secondprepolymer with a chain extender; and forming a cover disposed about theinner ball comprising the polyurethane composition.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the core comprises polybutadiene rubber, polyisoprenerubber, natural rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylenediene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, or blends thereof.
 16. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the chain extender comprises hydroxylgroups.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the hydroxyl-terminatedcompound has a first molecular weight, wherein the first prepolymer hasa second molecular weight that is greater than the first molecularweight, and wherein the second prepolymer has a third molecular weightgreater than the second molecular weight.
 18. The method of claim 14,wherein the polyurethane composition comprises a uniform distribution ofhard and soft segments.